Appendices - Hirohito's War


A.	Submarines: America Draws Tight the Noose December 1941 – August 1945 [Charts: A.1]
	Planned Submarine Attack on the Panama Canal, The Failure of Japanese Submarine Design, Wasteful Dissipation of Japanese Submarine Force, Japanese Submarine Cargo Missions to Europe, Japanese Submarines’ Disappointing ‘Kill’ Performance, Japan’s ‘Long Lance’ Jockeys, Newport Torpedo Station, Rear Admiral Charles Lockwood, US Submarine Achievements in the Pacific War, The Failure of Japanese Counter-Submarine Strategy, The Missed Opportunity [Photos]

B.	Oil, Raw Materials and Logistics: 'Just Start Swinging' December 1941 to August 1945 [Charts: B.1, B.2 ]
	Logistics of Oil in the Asia Pacific War, America’s T-2 Tanker, Japan’s Oil Tanker Fleet, Raw Materials Issues of the US Economy, Liberty Ships ‘to go’, Attack Cargo Ships, LSTs and Higgins Boats, Japan’s Cargo Ship Problems, Japan’s Air Force Logistics, US Supply Logistics in the Asia Pacific Region, Operation Olympic and Japan’s Logistical Denouement [Photos]

C.	Economics of the Pacific War: The 'New Deal' Mobilized [Charts: C.1, C.2, C.3, C.4, C.5, C.6, C.7, C.8, C.9, C.10, C.11, C.12, C.13, C.14, C.15 ]
	Management of the US Wartime Economy, Guns and Butter, Inflation and ‘General Max’, Production Line and Management Systems, Productivity, Entrepreneurs, Management, Labor, Blacks and Women, Managing the Scientists, Expansion of America’s Productive Capacity, US Aircraft Production, Tanks, Artillery, Trucks, Ordnance and the Problem of Obsolescence, Electronics, Radio, and Radar, Was the Depression a Boon or Hindrance to US War Mobilization?, Japan’s Wartime Economy, Conclusion [Photos]

D.	‘Victory Disease’: The Japanese Empire: From Co-Prosperity to Tyranny [Charts: D.1, D.2 ]
	The Four Phases of Japan’s Imperial Expansion, The Economics and Philosophy of Japan’s Co-Prosperity Sphere, Old Empire, Taiwan, Korea and Manchuria, The Structures of Japan’s New Empire, Slave Labor in Japan and in the Field, Cruelty and Suppression, Prisoners of War, The Psychology of Brutality, Unit 731 and the Secrets of Medical Experimentation, Conclusion, [Photos]

E.	Typhoons and Divine Winds: Kamikaze [October 1944 to August 1945] [Charts: E.1 ]
	Introduction, Halsey: After Leyte Gulf, Kamikaze: Individual Beginnings, The Formal Adoption of a Kamikaze as a Strategy, Recruitment, Motivation and Training, Japanese Government Propaganda, Developments in Kamikaze Technology and the US Response, Naval Kamikaze and Yamato’s Suicide Mission, US Defense Tactics, Fight to the Death and Operation KETSU (Decisive), Admiral Ugaki, The Last Kamikaze, The Cost and Effectiveness of the Kamikaze Campaign, Kamikaze: A Unique Japanese Phenomenon? [Photos]

F.	American Intelligence in the Pacific War
	ULTRA [Photos]

G.	Could Japan Have Won the Pacific War?
	Introduction , Distance, Logistics and Extension of Power , Mobilization, Logistics, Isolationism and the Will to Fight , Weapons that could have won Japan the War , Strategies for Japanese Victory , Conclusion

H.	Month by Month Timeline of the Pacific War [December 1941 - August 1945]

I.	The 'Pacific War': Sundry Tables and Lists

J.	Pacific War Photographs

K.	The Battle of Hong Kong
	Hong Kong [Photos]

L.	The Battles of Attu and Kiska
	Attu and Kiska [Photos]

M.	Aircraft Carriers in the Pacific War
	Summary, Comparison of Pacific War Aircraft Carriers, Essex Class Carriers, US Light Carriers, Japanese fleet carriers [Photos]

N.	The Role of Oil in the Pacific War [Charts: N.1, N.2, N.3, N.4, N.5]
	Oil’s Early History, Development of the Oil Industry in the United States, Royal Dutch Shell, The Growth of Oil Fired Engines in the Marine Industry, The Rise of the Automobile, Tanks and Trucks Transform Battlefield Mobility, Aviation Gasoline, Interwar Development of the Aeronautical Industry, Global Oil Output, Oil and the Decision for War, Conclusion [Photos]

O.	Japanese - Soviet Conflict in Siberia, Mongolia and Manchuria [April 1945–5 September 1945] [Maps: 39.1, 39.2, 39.3, 39.4, 39.5, 39.6]
	Introduction, Russo-Japanese Relations from the Late Nineteenth Century, The Trans-Siberian Railway Transforms the Geopolitics of Northeast Asia, The Battle of Lake Khasan and Amur River Clashes, The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact, The Yalta Conference, Japanese Preparations for the Defense of Manchuria, Deployment of Soviet Forces, Soviet Invasion of Northwest Manchuria from Mongolia, Invasion of Northeast Manchuria from Far Eastern Siberia, The Battle of Mutanchiang, The Battle of Sakhalin Island, The Occupation of the Kuril Islands The Significance of the Soviet Invasions

APPENDIX N: THE ROLE OF OIL IN THE PACIFIC WAR

Interwar Development of the Aeronautical Industry: Before World War I, France’s General Ferdinand Foch described aviation as “good sport, but for the Army the aero plane is worthless.”¹⁰ In Britain it was a minnow of an industry employing just 1,000 people in the UK and producing a few hundred aircraft a year – a high proportion of them experimental prototypes. The next four years saw a rapid transformation. By the end of the war aircraft speeds had doubled to 120 mph while operating ceilings rose to 27,000 feet. From simple reconnaissance functions aircraft increasingly developed not only fiercesome machine gun firepower but also developed bombing capability. The rise in production was dramatic. By the end of World War I France had produced 64,000 aircraft, Britain 55,000, Germany 48,000 and Italy 20,000.

Post-World War I federal regulation had helped the development of the nascent aeronautical industry, which it recognized as essential both to national prestige and defense. The National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics had been established by Congress in 1915 and its engineers helped bring about critical technological advances including more efficient propellers, wing design, engines, instrumentation, wing flaps, new materials and streamlining. A new generation of metal skinned streamlined aircraft emerged including the Boeing 247D in 1933 and the Douglas DC-3 in 1935.

The Kelly Mail Act of 1925 authorised the use of private companies to fly mail for the first time. A Bureau of Aeronautics within the Commerce Department was established by the Air Commerce Act [1926]. Pilots were now licensed and aircraft had to be certified. As commercial passenger flights were developed safety became an issue. Rules were later established by the Civil Aeronautics Act [1940] and regulation was further enhanced by the Civil Aeronautics Board and Civil Aeronautics Administration Act [1940].

While passenger aircraft had begun to fulfill the commercial needs of America’s rapidly expanding cities, diffusion of aircraft also penetrated the countryside where crop spaying developed a cadre of rural flyers. The US Agricultural Department developed modern crop dusting with the Army Signal Corps. A first outing was made on 3 August 1921 by test pilot John Macready in a Curtiss JN4, who spread an arsenic formula designed to eliminate catalpha sphinx caterpillars outside Troy, Ohio. Crop dusting soon became ubiquitous on America’s vast midwestern farms. Curtis went on to develop more exotic military aircraft over the next twenty years.

The 1930s proved to be a golden era of flight exploration and daredevilry. Long distance flying, racing and air displays captured the public imagination. Fliers such as Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart, Jimmy Doolittle and Howard Hughes became some of the highest profile celebrity superstars of their era.

Jimmy Doolittle won the 1925 Schneider Trophy held at Chesapeake Bay. Flying the same Curtiss R3C the following day, Doolittle recorded a world record speed of 245.7mph. Curtiss would go on to become the United States’ biggest aircraft manufacturer during the war, producing famous aircraft such as the P-40 Warhawk fighter and the B-26 Commando (transport plane). Doolittle would go on to achieve even greater fame for his daring exploits in the Pacific War.

Appendices - Hirohito's War

APPENDIX N: THE ROLE OF OIL IN THE PACIFIC WAR

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